| 宋瑞琛,沈文亮.美国国会涉华科技法案（2021—2025 年）研究：政策动向、影响与中国应对之策[J].全球科技经济瞭望,2025,40(7):25~35，76 |
| 美国国会涉华科技法案（2021—2025 年）研究：政策动向、影响与中国应对之策 |
| Study on China-Related Technology Bills of the U.S. Congress (2021—2025): Policy Trends, Impacts, and China’s Responses |
| 投稿时间：2025-04-30 |
| DOI：10.3772/j.issn.1009-8623.2025.07.004 |
| 中文关键词: 美国国会；涉华科技法案；科技竞争；美国对华科技立法 |
| 英文关键词: U.S. Congress; science and technology bills related to China; technological competition; U.S. Technological Legislation |
| 基金项目:国家社会科学基金青年项目“美国外资安全审查改革与国际投资保护主义研究”（20CGJ020）。 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 以第 117-119 届美国国会（2021 年 1 月—2025 年 5 月）发起的 237 项涉华科技法案作为研究对象，梳理法案文本，分析其内容、特点及实际影响。研究发现，法案核心涵盖 4 个方面：一是从企业经营、联邦科研资金、机构技术交流、多边机制参与等方面对华实施科技限制；二是借经济手段诱导、供应链回迁、出口管制及企业制裁推动供应链脱钩与技术管控；三是通过联盟建设、研发投入、人才培育等强化美国自身科技竞争力；四是针对中国无人机、生物技术等领域开展风险评估以适配政策调整。法案呈现共和党主导、两党“全面脱钩”与“小院高墙”策略分化的特征，且已对中美企业利益、双边科技合作及全球科技供应链稳定造成冲击。中国需通过实施合理反制、自主创新、拓展国际合作及探寻中美合作空间等策略应对相关挑战。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| This paper takes 237 technology-related bills concerning China proposed by the 117th-119th US
Congresses (January 2021-May 2025) as the research object, analyzing their contents, characteristics, and practical
impacts through a review of the bill texts. The study finds that the bills primarily cover four aspects: First, they
impose technological restrictions on China through measures targeting business operations, federal research funding,
institutional technical exchanges, and participation in multilateral mechanisms. Second, they promote supply chain
decoupling and technology control via economic incentives, supply chain relocation, export controls, and corporate
sanctions. Third, they strengthen U.S. technological competitiveness through alliance-building, R&D investment, and
talent cultivation. Fourth, they conduct risk assessments in fields such as Chinese drones and biotechnology to inform
policy adjustments. The bills exhibit features such as Republican dominance, strategic divergence between the parties’
“comprehensive decoupling” and “small yard, high fence” approaches, and have already impacted the interests of
Chinese and U.S. enterprises, bilateral technological cooperation, and the stability of the global technology supply chain.
Therefore, China needs to address related challenges through reasonable countermeasures, independent innovation,
expanding international cooperation, and exploring spaces for Sino-U.S. technological collaboration. |
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